Firearms in Ancient Sri Lanka: A Glimpse into a Distant Era

 

by Kasun Sapumohotti

In the annals of world history, only a select few nations have gallantly resisted foreign conquests on their native soil. In many cases, technologically underdeveloped countries have fallen prey to massacres or enslavement at the hands of invading forces. However, Sri Lanka stands apart as a nation that fearlessly fought for the independence of its motherland, even in the face of Asian invasions instigated by figures like Sena and Guttika, Elara. Notably, Sri Lanka's longstanding diplomatic relations with renowned civilizations such as Greece and Rome since ancient times exemplify its historical significance. Nevertheless, the arrival of Lorenzo de Almeida in Ceylon in 1505 marked a turning point when Sri Lankans adapted their fighting tactics to counter the European powers, departing from the methods employed during the Asian invasions. The incorporation of firearms stands out as a notable modification in their fighting strategy, shaping the course of their resistance.

While it is widely acknowledged that the utilization of firearms in Sri Lanka traces back to the Portuguese era, there are differing viewpoints regarding their presence even before that period. Regardless, delving into the history of firearms in Sri Lanka reveals the prevalence of several distinct types. These can be classified as follows:

• War Rockets (gini pim̆bina tuvakku)

• Handguns (ath tuvakku)

• Snipers (dik tuvakku)

• War Cannons and Koḍituvakku

These various categories of firearms showcase the evolving weaponry employed by Sri Lankans throughout different eras in their history.

War Rockets (Gini Pim̆bina Tuvakku)

(A replica of the War Rocket)

Gini pim̆bina tuvakku, commonly known as war rockets, played a crucial role in Sri Lanka's military history. Their primary function was to disorient the enemy's frontline troops and create chaos among the bullocks pulling carts carrying vital war supplies, including weapons and ammunition, as well as the elephants used for transportation during that era. These war rockets boasted an impressive range of up to 900 meters and some were designed to explode mid-air, adding to their tactical effectiveness.

Additionally, another variant known as ground rockets slithered along the ground like serpents until their momentum waned upon landing. This peculiar feature caused confusion among wild animals in the vicinity, prompting them to scatter in a disoriented manner. Sri Lankan guerrilla forces deftly exploited this opportunity, launching surprise attacks against bewildered enemy troops.

The Royal Firearms Factory in Kandy served as the manufacturing hub for these formidable weapons. They played a pivotal role in numerous battles against the Dutch, such as the renowned Katuwana Fort attack in February 1761, the resistance against the Kandyan invasion led by Governor Van Eck, and the Battle of Haguranketha in 1766. The deployment of war rockets during these engagements showcased their strategic significance and their capacity to disrupt and confound enemy forces, enabling Sri Lankan defenders to gain the upper hand.

Handguns (ath tuvakku)

Handguns played a pivotal role in the resistance against Portuguese, Dutch, and British invasions by Sri Lankan guerrilla forces. Inspired by Portuguese handguns, the Sri Lankans showcased their skill and innovation by developing their own distinct firearm. Notably, these handguns featured a modified flintlock mechanism positioned on the left side, earning them the name "bandikula gun."

(A handgun (ath tuvakku) with a flintlock mechanism mounted on the left side of the gun)

The bandikula gun stands out as a unique contribution to firearm design, with locally produced flintlock mechanisms found exclusively in Sri Lanka within East Asia, apart from Persia. Another distinctive feature is the bifurcated hilt, found only in locally crafted guns. The design allowed for easy storage of the gun on the chest and shoulder, facilitating a firm grip and enabling the shooter to wield the handgun as an extension of their own body.

(A gunman who uses a bandikula gun)

Evidence of the skillful use of handguns can be observed in the painting "Mara Parajaya" within the Dambulla cave paintings. Depicting a shooter in a kneeling position, the artwork portrays the shooter aiming with precision, resting the end of the gun securely on their chest and shoulder.

(The gunman using a handgun seen in the 'Mara Parajaya' painting in the Dambulla Vihara paintings)

These handguns symbolize the ingenuity and adaptability of Sri Lankan guerrilla forces, providing them with a potent weapon to confront and resist foreign invaders throughout history.

Snipers (dik tuvakku)

It may be hard to believe, but Sri Lankan forces did employ sniper guns as early as the fifteenth century. These long guns served a specific purpose, namely to eliminate high-value targets such as enemy commanding officers and war drummers, thereby severely weakening the morale of the opposing army. These specialized firearms were designed with increased shooting range by lengthening the barrel and reducing its diameter, enabling more accurate targeting of such individuals.

(The Kings of All Gun)

One notable example of a beautifully carved long gun, known as "The Kings of all Gun," can be found at the Metropolitan Museum in New York, USA. Dating back to around 1680 AD, these guns measure approximately 2.1 meters in length. Reserved exclusively for the most skilled soldiers of the Sri Lankan Native Army, these firearms were instrumental in mountain battles and were often accompanied by a support rod for guidance.

(A replica of the Sniper (dik tuvakku))

In battle scenarios, a team of approximately four soldiers would carry a long gun and stealthily go to the jungle, while awaiting the enemy forces' arrival with front firearms at the ready. The gunner would carefully line up their shot, selecting an enemy commander as the target, and unleash a single round from their long gun. Several other groups would repeat this coordinated effort, causing confusion and distress among the enemy ranks. The psychological impact of these targeted attacks left the enemy mentally demoralized when they finally engaged in battle.

(A gunner using a sniper gun (dik tuvakku))

The use of sniper guns by Sri Lankan forces during the Kandyan period exemplifies their strategic ingenuity and ability to adapt to warfare tactics. By selectively eliminating key individuals, these firearms played a crucial role in weakening the enemy's resolve and augmenting the chances of success for Sri Lankan guerrilla forces.

War Cannons and Koḍituvakku

There is compelling evidence supporting the use of heavy weapons in battles fought in Sri Lanka. Reports suggest that firearms were employed in the region even before the 16th century with the koḍituvakku being regarded as the oldest known firearm. Located near Galle, the Gunnagalawatta temple features an Engraving of a kodithuwakku on a rock believed to denote the presence of a security post predating the arrival of the Portuguese.

(An Engraving of a kodithuwakku carving into a rock in the temple of Galle Thuwakkugala Estate.)

These cannons were designed in various ways and classified as light to heavy-class weaponry. Notably, one distinctive feature was their ability to inflict maximum damage on the enemy before they could close in. Once the enemy approached, the operator would shoulder the koḍituvakku and swiftly retreat. Soldiers operating this weapon would position themselves with their feet locked on the gun's two legs and operate it. A specialized division known as the koḍituvakku Division was responsible for deploying and utilizing these flag guns.

(koḍituvakku are believed to have been used in war)

The oldest known koḍituvakku in the country can be found in the Medagoda Devalaya in Ruwanwella town, located in the Sabaragamuwa district. According to the Medagoda Devala Sannasa, this koḍituvakku was presented to the temple by King Rajasingha the First, of Sitawaka. Legend has it that it was used for ceremonial purposes within the Devalaya. Notably, this gun allows for direct ignition of gunpowder and remains functional to this day.

(koḍituvakku are believed to have been used in war)

Another notable koḍituvakku from the 17th century is housed in the Colombo Museum. This particular gun features a slightly larger mouth compared to the barrel size, enabling bullets fired from it to inflict significant damage on enemy forces. An iron bipod is attached for balance and ease of handling, while the end of the gun is finished in a European design. Close examination of the barrel reveals an engraved name, "Ukkurala Korale," believed to belong to the user of this gun.

(A replica of the koḍituvakku in the Medagoda Devalaya)

Furthermore, the presence of cannons during that period is supported by the "Lewke Cannon" currently housed in the National Museum in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Gifted to King Sri Vijaya Rajasingha by Lewke Disawe, which held authority over Satara Koral at the time, the cannon was subsequently seized by the Dutch during their invasion of the Upland in 1765. Made of brass, this cannon was capable of firing one-pound bullets and featured a barrel length of 97.5 cm with an internal diameter of 5 cm. It was typically transported on a wooden war cart.

(A replica of the koḍituvakku in the Colombo Museum)

The historical use of these heavy weapons, including flag guns and cannons, underscores the technological advancements and military strategies employed in Sri Lanka. These weapons served as formidable assets in the defense of the island and played a significant role in shaping its military history.

(Lewke Cannon)

The historical Sri Lankan army was a diverse and formidable force, comprising warriors skilled in Angampora, artillery units, and guerrilla fighters. This varied army, equipped with a range of weapons and employing different tactics, prevented the complete military conquest of Sri Lanka by foreign invaders such as the Portuguese, Dutch, and British. The exceptional skills of Sri Lankan fighters, combined with their expertise in utilizing these weapons, proved insurmountable for the invaders.

Special thanks - The Galle Heritage Foundation.

Prepared based on a visit to Galle Fort and information gleaned from the internet.